Creating Shared Value

Summary of ‘Creating shared value’ by M. Porter and M. Kramer The problem nowadays is that most businesses don’t have the right purpose ‘in mind’. They have a narrow-minded view in making profit and thus optimizing short-time financial performance. This old capitalistic view leads to a vicious circle. More specifically, the corporation doesn’t keep its environment and the broader community in mind while making profit and so they are perceived as (partly) responsible for society’ failures. This is where political leaders undermine competitiveness by setting the appropriate policies.The old, narrow view of capitalism leads to growing competition and shorter term performance pressures from shareholders. Shorting investor time horizons leads to outsourcing and offshoring which weakens the connection between the firm and its community. The solution lies in redefining the purpose of the corporation as creating shared value. This means enhancin g the competitiveness of the corporation while simultaneously advancing the economic and social conditions in its communities. The market should be redefined by societal needs, rather than convential economic needs.To create shared value, there are three main ways: reconceiving the products and market, redefining productivity in the value chain and enabling local cluster development. These ways are mutually reinforcing while creating shared value. By reconceiving products and markets, corporations can meet the demand for products and services that satisfy societal needs. In this way, there’s more space for innovation. Also, in developing countries and nontraditional communities in advanced economies equal or greater opporunities arise.Opportunities increase when capitalism starts working in these poor countries. These opportunities change constantly because of developping economies and evolving technologies. Another source of creating shared value lies in transforming the val ue chain. For instance by reexaminating energy use and logistics, huge costs can be saved for the company and at the same time for society. Another example is the advantage of buying from capable local suppliers. This avoids costs by avoiding inefficiencies and lowering input costs.This also means sharing technology and improve supplier quality and productivity by better procurement. Employee productivity can be improved by offering health care coverage, because poor health costs firms more than health benefits. Companies need to embrace locational thinking because of the rising costs of energy and carbon emissions. Enabling local clusters plays a crucial role to boost productivity. As mentioned, logistics through local suppliers avoid lots of internal costs.In monopolized markets, people often get exploited, prices are not fair and thus productivity will suffer through a lack of incentives for the workers. This indicates that the formation of open and transparent markets are necess ary to create shared value. We can conclude that business can earn the respect of society again by respecting the new, more sophisticated form of capitalism. This new view focuses on profits that create societal benefits rather than diminish them, which creates shared value.

Branded? Fashion Counterfeiting Essay

A lot of leisurely items to date have been somewhat remodeled or refashioned into something that is more cost-friendly for consumers. These are counterfeited items, more popularly known as â€Å"pirated† goods, which are illegal, as authorities would suggest. However, there are a growing number of consumers for pirated goods, especially in developing or underdeveloped countries; even developed countries have their share of consumers of pirated goods. In the fashion industry, most apparels (e.g., T-shirts, pants, blouses, etc.) and textiles are apparently being produced in many developing countries—some underdeveloped—as the multinational conglomerates believe that labor is cheaper in these places. These countries, in turn, have benefited from the decision of many multinational conglomerates: â€Å"The clear winners given all of these industry trends are China and India with their long history in textiles, Pakistan with its current capacity for textile production† (Mead 423). With the production of apparels and textiles shifting from the developed regions like the United States and Europe to underdeveloped or developing countries, it would be so hard to assume that the occurrence of counterfeiting these products will be low. The consumers that could not seem to afford the expensive prices of high-end brands would generally resort to replicas of the same high-end brands. However, all of these multinational apparel-producing industries abhor the existence of pirated versions of their products, bidding for these â€Å"copycats† to be divulged and incarcerated. As a common thing on a global scale, stopping fashion counterfeiting could cause another economic downturn but its proliferation could lead to severe job cutting by companies that believe that they are losing money. The overseas production of the various apparels of American and European brands could be the best opportunity for â€Å"pirates† as these products are exposed and minimally guarded. Usually, people would assume that these pirates operate underground—some controlled by syndicates or any organized group. However, it could also be certain that some of these pirates work from inside the textile or apparel factories. After all, it can produce a better replica of the product. Such acts are despised by the multinational corporations as it breaches trade policies and laws as well as patent, copyright, and license laws. However, the existence of pirated goods prompts consumers to spend more as these products are considerably cheaper than the seemingly overpriced originals. It is believed that producers of pirated goods work underground under a syndicate or some organized group. However, these pirated goods are sometimes sold out in the open for people to see, as in the case of some developing (e.g. India and China) and underdeveloped (e.g. Philippines and Thailand) nations, and in some developed countries—although, rarely do these exchanges happen under the public’s watchful eye. The preconceived notion that consumers coming from developed countries abhor the consumption of pirated goods has been proved false. The following is an example from an article entitled â€Å"Consumption of Counterfeit Goods: ‘Here Be Pirates?’† which proves that consumers can also come from developed countries: â€Å"In France, the most common counterfeit products confiscated are shoes, representing 21 per cent of items, followed by clothes and watches; In Germany, clothes account for 90 per cent of impounded fakes† (Wischermann qtd. in Rutter and Bryce 1155). As unbelievable as it may seem, these circumstances can occur even in developed countries like the United States and European nations. However, the consumption of such products should not be regarded as a crime, or such products must not be confiscated from the owner. Even though it is a pirated good, it was still his or her money that purchased the good. Buying pirated goods does not also necessarily point out as a support for pirated goods nor does it entail any political ideology like an anti-capitalist movement against the multinational brands and their seemingly overpriced goods. Fashion Counterfeiting is considered a battle between the multinational capitalist companies that aim to make another hundred million or billion in sales and the pirates or syndicates that wanted to make money especially during a global economic crisis. It is an epic battle indeed, but which of the two started it? The trail from its origin does not seem too far off. Counterfeiting is an old trade that dates back as early as Ancient Rome (Rutter and Bryce 1147). As ancient as it may be, the act has been considered illegal through international trade policies and copyright laws that it seemed to breach. The cause that promoted the pirating of known fashion brands was the decision of these international apparel companies to build more factories overseas for cheap labor. Labor from the developing and underdeveloped countries attracted these multinational companies because it was cheap: â€Å"this drove down the price of labor around the world as firms relocated operations to China (soon, South Asia as well) because labor is cheaper† (Mead 419). This move resulted in the rebirth of an age-old illegal practice—only this time, it covered and affected the fashion industry. Syndicates and other organized group exploited the existence of factories in these areas—especially that they live under the â€Å"developing-nation state.† Then the process moved onto other parts of the region, usually in places where such prohibiting laws were rarely applied. Thus, the ones at fault were the multinational companies themselves as they gave an opportunity for these pirates to replicate their products. However, sometimes, their presence is not a cause for promoting this kind of piracy. The products can be bought by the pirates themselves—usually they do have the money—from legitimate stores and replicate these after analyzing the products. After all, fashion counterfeiting is simpler than that of software (music, games, programs, albums, videos) piracy. Whichever the case, the reason behind the existence of such products in the market is its affordability since its original counterparts are way more expensive. The production of these pirated apparels will continue as long as someone would consume them. However, is the piracy of these apparels—some of which people really do need—really a problem, especially with the world experiencing another global economic downturn? What happens to those who cannot afford the legitimate and original apparels? It seems they would have to walk around naked or in shabby clothing, or even resort to tailoring their own clothes.

Critique: Effects of Class Size and Instruction on Kindergarten Achievement Essay

Introduction This article discusses some very important points that will affect many children as they begin the first steps of their education. It is fairly clear that the authors have done quite a bit of research on the effects of the classroom size and the achievement of kindergarten students. Both authors are affiliated with the same school, the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In reviewing the article, the authors point out some important details pertaining to the quality of the teacher as well as their method of teaching in an effort to keep in line with the NCLB Act(No Child Left  Behind Act). The main aim of the authors is to prove that the size of the class may affect a student’s academic progress because there have been mixed findings in the past as to the validity of this issue. Literature Review One of the main sources used by the authors in their review of literature was an experiment done by students in Tennessee in the 1980’s called STAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio). â€Å"Researchers have referred to STAR as: â€Å"one of the great experiments in education in U. S. history (Mostellar, Light, & Sachs, 1996). † The variables are mainly the  Kindergarten class size and the teacher’s instruction methods which are well defined throughout the article. Statement of Problem This research study was conducted to determine whether teacher quality is more important than class size for achievement. The hypothesis is explicitly stated in this article and gave sufficient understanding of the specific variables that were to be studied in the article. An example of the hypothesis would be â€Å"teachers may teach differently in larger and smaller classes, Experimental Design 3 some instructional practices may be more effective than others in a smaller class, students may  behave differently in larger and smaller classes†. (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 291-293) The authors have made a very convincing argument concerning the stated hypothesis because they used reading and math data collected from children’s classroom experience, classroom size and their teacher’s instructional methods to come up with their definitive conclusion. Methodology The kindergarten class size was measured from a sample of 21,260 children that were enrolled in approximately 1,000 kindergarten programs. It also consisted of children from various racial and ethnic backgrounds as well as socio-economic backgrounds. Some of the children studied were from private kindergartens and others were from public school kindergartens (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 293-294). Data was collected twice throughout the year, during the spring and the fall. Most of the authors mentioned used data that was supplied at the beginning and at the end of the student’s kindergarten year. The parents were asked questions concerning their socio-economic background. In determining the student’s cognitive achievement, information was gathered from the children using a one-on-one computer assisted interview. Data in the areas of reading, math and general knowledge was used to assess the students. In evaluating the teachers, they were interviewed in the fall and in the spring of a particular kindergarten year (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 291-293). There was some concern about the validity of the study because there were some limitations on how the data was gathered from the teachers. There were questions as well as interviews which investigated the teacher’s instructional methods because it captured more of what a teacher’s intentions were as opposed to the teacher’s accomplishments through the year. Experimental Design 4 The authors had a few limitations but if they wanted to use the descriptive method to demonstrate whether or not the quality of a teachers’ instructional method versus the size of the class played a larger part in a kindergartner’s achievement, it was a necessary step (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 296-297). Results The researchers presented very descriptive statistics for all the student levels and class level variables that were used in the analysis. There were descriptive statistics presented for large and small classes. The researchers weighed the statistics at the student level but not at the class levels but they used descriptive statistics for both the original and the mean-imputed variable (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 299-306). Discussion The researchers have offered no evidence that the class size affects reading or math achievements for kindergarten. The major findings were that class size does not affect the achievement of kindergarteners on an average nor does it affect any particular group of students. The researcher’s findings for the class size differ from those of Project STAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio). It was not determined whether the same teachers use different instructional methods in classes of different sizes (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 299-309). Experimental Design 5 References Mosteller, F. , Light, R. J. & Sachs. J. A. (1996). Sustained injury in education: Lesson from skilled grouping and class size. Harvard Educational Review, 66, 797-842. Retrieved on February 17, 2011 from ERIC. Milesi, C. , Gamoran, A (2006). Effects of Class Size and Instruction on Kindergarten Achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28:4, 287-313. Retrieved on March 17, 2010 from http://eepa. aera. net.

The Dramatic Form and Riders to the Sea Assignment

The Dramatic Form and Riders to the Sea - Assignment Example Alternatively, the drowning of Bartley is an indication of the troubling conditions that humanity has set upon himself of cruelty and suffering. Another interesting feature of drama in the play Riders to the Sea involves the controversies that create disharmony and doubts between characters. In play, a young priest attempts to contradict the views held by Maurya concerning the fate of her lost son. The priest, therefore, is a dramatic symbolism of the hypocrisy of religion during periods of doubts and hopelessness. Consequently, his decisions heighten the drama by setting off an anticlimax of searching for Michael’s body in the shores of Donegal. On the other hand, characterization in the play is an element of dramatic forms critical in highlighting the major themes of play. The protagonist, for instance, is cast as bereaved mother who has lost four sons because of the sea. Overall, a conflict is necessary to create for drama to

Responses to classmember Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Responses to classmember - Assignment Example It is also surprising as to how indifferent most people are on how to conduct an Internet search. Without the tips laid down in this Chapter on how to find online information, most of us would still be conducting Internet searches incorrectly. Therefore, these tips help in efficiently conducting Internet searches and finding valuable information that would be important in writing a research paper. Indeed this Chapter explains how an effective research needs to be supported by reliable information; Bovee and Thill have laid out a process on how to get better results when searching for information. This informative Chapter describes the most effective way to conduct a research as well as explains how to evaluate the credibility of any source of information. An analytical report is important for analyzing, understanding or explaining a problem or opportunity and drawing conclusions from the research. Therefore planning for an analytical report is crucial since it minimizes the chances of wasting time and improves the results of the research. Analytical reports can be used to assess the risks, opportunities and the decisions and actions that are required to be undertaken. By so doing through analytical reports, one can be able to analyze a risk or opportunity and come up with the decisions that will be of benefit to the organization. A research has to contain information that is collected first hand even though regrettably most research papers nowadays only contain secondary information. I concur with you that one of the best ways to collect primary information is through interviewing the appropriate parties. Interviews offer the researcher the opportunity to interact with the interested party and acquire information that is directly related to the research being conducted. This is particularly important since most secondary information that can be obtained does not relate to the topic of research and is therefore not of benefit.

Summary of Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Summary of Readings - Essay Example Regular prayers and devotions were part of the Christian religious processes for the welfare of the faithful and it was this formed the basis of the development of timekeeping technology and its dominance of our current capitalistic societies. It was not that time keeping was not there earlier, but the development of the clock as an expression of new timekeeping technologies removed the vagaries of nature that inhibit regulatory and order in the pervious time keeping technologies. Starting from the fourteenth centuries clock towers emerged in cities and towns to dominate life the life of their citizens (1). Other technologies may have come and may also lay claim to be all pervasive in human civilization, but there is no technology that has pervaded every niche of human presence and dominated the activities of humankind. The orderly punctual existence brought on by the mechanical clock is not in keeping with basic nature of humankind and yet, modern civilization remains a slave to the chimes of the mechanical clock. The regular chimes of mechanical time in seconds and minutes are in disharmony with the irregular nature of the human body, yet in modern civilization, basic human organic functions are controlled by this mechanical time. Humankind lives, works, and exists now in keeping with tunes of the tool of time keeping technology in the form of the time keeping clock (1). Biology in the Evolution of Technology In Chapter 3, History of the Seventh Kingdom in his book â€Å"What Technology Wants†, Kevin Kelly 2011, opines that the seventh kingdom of technology is not merely an invention of humankind, but has its origins in life itself, and continues to evolve as living organisms have done so from the time life dawned on planet Earth. The six kingdoms of living organisms have evolved and adapted over several hundred millions of generations in an unbroken link, and also learnt to build and evolve external structures. Structures to live in are the most commo n of these external structures. Such shelters of an animal are extension of the animal itself, and in this manner technology is the extension of humankind. This is visible in all the technologies developed and used by humankind, such as even the clothes that we wear. Technology in essence represents an external repository for human ideas (2). An evaluation of the evolution of human technology demonstrates a number of similarities with the evolution of genetic organisms. The manner in which a particular species of technology evolves over time is very similar to that of genealogical blueprint of species evolution, with the difference that in technology it is the expression of ideas and not the work of genes. Different branches of technology combine to create new products, just as evolution in organisms evolves through mating. Evolution in technology is parallel to evolution of nature. An example of this lies in the transformation of simple alphabets into books, which are the storehous es of human knowledge. This is similar to the transformation of DNA into cells and organisms (2). Yet there are differences too in the manner in which technology differs from living organisms. Organisms can be long-living while many technologies are short-lived. Innovations in organisms are passed down from parent down to the offspring vertically, while innovations in technology

Research -week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research -week 6 - Essay Example The research study that I participated in online is central to addressing the question ‘how personality and emotions are related to the way people deal with situations of everyday life?’ Keeping that in mind the study examines, through the use of a series of online questionnaires, the personality, emotional disposition and individual choices. The questionnaire used a rating scale that was provided to get an indication of how accurately the participant though each statement described him. There were five possible responses to each statement from ‘very inaccurate’ (number1) to ‘very accurate’ (number 5). Example of some of the research questions was: ‘I feel comfortable around people’, ‘I have a vivid imagination’, ‘I get upset easily’ etc. The online survey highlights the fact that by participating in the research complete anonymity as the questions asked do not require identifying information. Also entering the survey will be equal to giving consent so that the information provided can be used by the researcher in his study. These two measures effectively eliminate the chances of any ethical implications compromising the validity of the research. There are many advantages of conducting the research survey online. Some of these are the ability of the researcher to obtain a large and diverse sample which increases statistical power. Also it prevents data entry errors as data is automatically coded. Lastly it reduces the cost of conducting the research. Some disadvantages are some subjects might rush through the study, it might be difficult to recruit subjects online and lastly there is also a high chance that most participants might drop out from the study or exit the survey before completing it. (Psychwiki) I do not believe an online survey is the way to gather information on my research topic of juvenile delinquency mostly because it requires the participants to be of a specific type whereas online surveys are mostly effective for a randomized diverse large sample. References: Elizabeth Austin (20110. Personality, emotions, and making choices. University of Edinburgh. Survey link: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=0lO5XPOkxGqPx68WUvVRIg%3d%3d Psychwiki. Internet research. Retrieved from: http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/What_are_the_advantages/disadvantages_of_doing_internet_research%3F Research Design week 6 Assignment 2 The survey aiming to analyze the meaning of sex in a relationship by asking several intimate questions would make confidentiality of critical importance for a participant. This would be a key ethical issue for the researchers, the sole importance of which can simply be realized when you look at the discomfort and unwillingness to share the answers with a third party (the professor) here for instance. By mixing the asked questions with random one’s might be an adoption to divert the participant’s attention for a while or perhaps s imply to make sure that one does not simply fill away at answers at random. This being one of the cons of conducting an online study that can be countered by simply asking questions that are linked to each other or are repeated to check the level of attention paid by the participant. The pros of an online survey might be relevant in gaining information on parents feedback in regard to their child’s ADHD. However to gain a further advantage interviews might be a lot more helpful to gouge the body language and responses by

The Ecosystem Inside Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ecosystem Inside - Essay Example The microbiome in the human gut remains to be healthy only as long as the rest of the species within are also healthy, as is the case with an actual ecological system. A balance must be maintained for everything to function as it should to provide the best, and healthiest, results. While some diseases are caused by a single organism that produces an infection, there are many diseases that are caused simply due to an imbalance in the organisms that transmit with the host. Using premature infants, a team of doctors, ecologists, and researchers set out to determine which species thrive the most in the early stages of the human microbiome, and what part they play in critical diseases that effect infants and people later in life. Many people connect microbes with disease, and while this may be the case in some situations, microbes are more commonly connected with health. For example, every person has E. coli in them, but not everyone is effected by it. It all comes down to the balance of the microbe. A greater healthier population of the microbes can throw off the unhealthy population, proving to be beneficial to the health of the human being.

Nutritional Care Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nutritional Care Plan - Essay Example Harvey (2011) explains that â€Å"overnutrition is an unfavorable health condition in which at least one nutrient is supplied in an amount that exceeds the bodys requirements for normal metabolism, growth and development.† The Test Lab Online (2011) adds that overnutrition is a serious medical problem in pregnancy because â€Å"chronic overnutrition can lead to obesity and to metabolic syndrome, a set of risk factors characterized by abdominal obesity, a decreased ability to process glucose (insulin resistance), dyslipidemia, and hypertension.† This essay shall focus on abdominal obesity in pregnancy. According to the American Pregnancy Association (2011), woman who had BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 before pregnancy is required to gain weight of 1 – 4.5 pounds during the first trimester. However, after just two weeks, the woman came back to the hospital with a weight gain of 7.7 pounds. This was still at the early stages of the pregnancy and therefore constituted an excessive weight of 3.2 pounds. Further biochemical test showed that the albumin level of the woman was 5.8 g/dl, which was almost above normal. The interpretation is that the woman was suffering from overnutrition. Clinical assessment however revealed that the integrity of the woman’s skin was intact. When dietary assessment of the patient’s daily intake of food was done, it was realized that the woman had been misinformed to start taking in more protein and fat and extra mineral with the intention of helping her fetus grow better. Medications were suggested for the patient based on her cultural and socioeconomic background. It must be reiterated that medications or drugs come into the treatment of over nutrition as a last resort and especially when the patient’s case has resulted in obesity. Some commonly acceptable medications in medical circles include Orlistat, Sibutramine, Rimonabant, Metformin, Exenatide, Pramlintide

Competences for Nurse Educators Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Competences for Nurse Educators - Assignment Example From this discussion it is clear that the ways in which nurse educators are prepared vary depending on the roles and site of teaching. Master’s prepared nurses take the role of instruction in practice environments, in staff development programs, associates in faculties and as clinical preceptors. Those who want to take up long term faculty teaching positions in educational institutions need doctorate qualifications. Nurse educators with master’s qualification are also advised to have certifications in their areas of specialization inside the entire discipline.  This study declares that  nurse educators are expected to combine competences in clinical expertise and strong passion for teaching. They have a role to prepare new nurses and advance developments in the practice of healthcare. As such, nurse educators have a strong background in the clinical settings, desirable communication skills and are culturally competent. They must be flexible to fast adapt new curricu la and developments as a result of innovations in their field as well as evolutions in the environment of practice. As a nurse educator the reporter will be conducting research, publishing, shaping public policy, engaging in service to the community and preparing grant proposals.  The field presents a bright career outlook given there is significant shortage of nurses hence a huge demand for persons to teach in nursing schools, public health organisations and other healthcare settings such as hospitals.

The killer inside me by Jim Thompson and Ceremony by leslie marmon Essay

The killer inside me by Jim Thompson and Ceremony by leslie marmon silko - Essay Example They’ll listen to reason.† Persons in authority need to think what they are doing to help the people? For what they will be remembered for! Are they making a difference by making others live better, richer, and happier? Lou Ford must be thinking on similar lines. He must have done his bit to reform a boy by tendering him proper counseling and yet he accepts the compliments with utter humility. When the boy’s father tells him, â€Å"And always he talks about you—what a good man is Deputy Lou Ford,† he replies, â€Å"I didn’t do anything,† I said. â€Å"Just talked to him. Showed him a little interest. Anyone else could have done as much.†(p.4)Normally the suffering (or guilt) that one undergoes leaves an impact on the disposition of the man and his dealing with the people with whom he interacts. Though the people considered Lou a bit slow, it was on account of his sickness when he was younger and many people did not know about it. Lou is a sociopath and he is aware of it. Therefore his conversations are a bit philosophical. He is desperately trying to hide his â€Å"sickness† that he carries since his childhood, now threatening to resurface. So, the above conversations need to be understood in the context that Lou is a psychopath, and he is trying to wear the mask of simplicity on his real face.

Book Review on Home by Marilynne Robinson Essay Example for Free

Book Review on Home by Marilynne Robinson Essay Lost and alone, will Glory and Jack find themselves? Will they know what family truly means? Perhaps, all they simply need is one another and their father. Glory had been grief-stricken, being left by the man she trusted, leaving her with nothing but to return to the old house in Iowa, where her frail dad lives alone. There she was, feeling neglected and worthless while, along with her father, awaits the surprising return of her long lost brother, Jack. A man with a troubled past and in an uncertain state, Jack comes home looking distressed but grateful. He was different among his siblings ever since, enjoying the thrill of creating troubles but deep inside, he is a good and caring person. Unfortunately, guilt has eaten him. Remorse caused by the wrong decisions he had made towards his dear ones and the unwillingness to forgive himself. While the two are battling their own wars, their father is trying to make amends with them because he, too, is feeling like a failure as a dad, especially to Jack. He was not a perfect father but he tried to be, wanting what was best for his children. The return of Jack has turned the three lives around and also Ames and his family’s. It has opened the eyes and heart of each one, addressing to their many concerns and problems, internally and within the family. Jack and Glory had both found a confidant in each other, helping cure their personal pains little by little. The simple gestures and conversations they had had built a growing bond between brother and sister. The love and care shown to each other and their dad had compensated the past sorrows they had experienced. These have made Jack and Glory whole again, being the person they once were or hoped to be. After everything the Boughtons have gone through, all the troubles and heartaches, they were finally able to feel what happiness is through the realization that the family is the most important thing in one’s life because here, there is unconditional love and trust. Family is where they have found themselves, a place where they can truly call home. Analysis Nothing can compare to a family’s love for one another. Home is a novel about family. Robert Boughton had constant questions and worries about his children. He always seemed tired because of the sadness and guilt he feels for thinking he was a failure as a father. He has troubled children, showing that one raised in a Christian home has no certainty that he/she will lead a Christian life. It still depends on one’s own choice and apparently, Jack has not made the right ones. He has finally come home, but was almost unrecognizable and distant. He felt undeserving and surprised for being treated so well, though have caused much trouble, because he led a hard life while away. Jack is a good person, as mentioned by Ames who is evidently most irritated at him, knowing he has committed many mistakes and trying to become a better person. He struggles everyday with his dilemmas, feeling like a disgrace to the family, and wanting to be at peace but can’t seem to find it. Slowly, with his family’s help, he began to heal and change, but not wholly up until the end. Jack left, as suggested by his caring brother Teddy, for the sake of their ailing father. He did not want to cause anymore trouble and see his father suffer, but he did agree to come home if he needs help, realizing that families are forever. Both Teddy and Glory will be there. â€Å"But the soul finds its own home if it even has a home at all† Glory, like Jack, is lost, alone and bitter. She carries on life with a heavy heart, as she takes care of her ailing father and a problematic brother. Feeling hopeless, she seeks attention and fortunately, her two brothers show it to her. She understands Jack, but not completely because of his secretive character and he, too, understood her, her feelings and battles. As the story progresses, there was a growing bond between brother and sister, whether it was taking care of their father or sharing thoughts and opinions, though avoiding to bring up the pressing issues amongst them. Nevertheless, they became better individuals because of each other. The Lord truly is wonderful! The story was ordered chronologically, with the occasional recalling of the past. It started with the return of Glory and Jack until his leaving. It is equally about Glory’s and Jack’s internal conflict. The story revolves around overcoming the misfortunes each has encountered, due to appalling decisions, through the understanding and care of family. Another internal conflict was the minister, feeling like a failure as a dad. With these being the main plots, the subplots would be the relationship of Jack and Ames, together with his family, and the coming home of Teddy. The external problem was the coming home of Jack and Glory. He seemed distracted, causing worry to his sister and father and she, left unmarried, cheated, and alone. The narration of the story is character-based since the plot unfolds through the opinions and decisions made by the characters, not from having this setting to the next. No doubt that the story reflects religion, the uncertainty that everyone feels about it because there, as mentioned by Ames, is no absolute knowledge on what it really is. The stories among the characters parallel some characters and stories in the Bible such as David, Lazarus and The Prodigal Son. The plot evolved from the slight change in emotions. Glory began to feel needed and responsible in making her brother feel better and her father well, while Jack felt being part of the family. He saw and realized that his family would accept him for who he is and would try to do everything to make him feel welcome. In the outside, the plot was about the coming home and duties of both Glory and Jack, visiting of Ames and Teddy, and the parting of Jack. There were a lot of themes in the story such as guilt, loneliness, resentment and religion, but the main theme was the importance of the relationship among family members. It can help make everything much better, though slowly but surely. The theme is based from the belief of Robinson and I, definitely, agree with her. Family is the basic unit of society and is the foundation of every individual. The relationship among members should be strong in order for all of them to be stable and complete as each individual. Personal Application/Impression Home was a hard read. Though an avid reader, the book was more complicated and confusing compared to the fiction novels I normally read. The words have so much meaning and the plots were not written in a sequence, leaving me puzzled. I soon began to understand the context of the story and the meaning of those sentences that seemed too long after reading more. Marilynne Robinson writes Home in a reminiscing manner and with thorough explanations of the actions done by the characters. I have never read a novel as defined as this, enabling me to imagine the exact happenings in the story. Home has touched me, making me appreciate my family even more. I can feel the characters’ experiences when it comes to family, their effort to become closer and trying to offer help. It takes me from keeping my own problems to sharing it with my family because I now truly realize that they would accept me for who I am and help me with my troubles. The characters acted the way people actually do in real life and the settings were a possibility. Home truly is a beautiful and moving book, showing the importance of family. However; I did not enjoy the writing as much, though the storyline and intention of the author was wonderful. It was written with much effort, but a little too dragging and confusing. Maybe it was confusing because partly, I did not get to read the first book, Gilead, but the plots did jump from one to the other. Note that it is a must to read Gilead first for better understanding and appreciation of Home. The developing of the story was slow and some do enjoy that type of writing but I don’t so, it was a little dragging. It was hard to turn to the next page if the ending of a page is not as interesting. Robinson built a sturdy plot but bores some readers like me. It did not have action in every page but again, it is interesting for those who love to imagine being the character himself. A well-written novel, but no work of fiction is perfect for everybody.

Policing Of Gangs In Rural And Urban Areas Criminology Essay

Policing Of Gangs In Rural And Urban Areas Criminology Essay Gang related crimes and activities are being exported to rural communities and gangs are migrating to more rural areas. Social reasons and drug trafficking are the primary reasons for the spread of drug use and why gangs are developing in rural areas. When concerning the exporting or spreading of urban crimes to rural areas, the migration of gangs and their criminal activities plays a large role. Police strategies make it hard for gangs to stay inside of the metropolitan areas, so gangs are moving their operations to places less known to the police. Gang members find a base for their operations and seek out troubled or lost youth to join their gang. When concerning the methods of policing, policing strategies, and crime, there is a big difference between rural environments and urban environments. Gang Identification There are significant indications which identity gang members in a particular group or gang. These indications are specific tattoos, graffiti tags, gang colors, and self identification by youths (Weisheit Wells, 2001). Law enforcement officials rely on visual impressions when determining whether or not a youth, or any individual is in a gang. When gang members try to keep a low profile, this can make it especially hard for law enforcement to identify them individually or as a group. Gang members keep low profiles by not getting tattoos that signify their gang, by not wearing any specific color in their dress, and by withholding the use of gang signs. Many suburban and rural communities are experiencing rises in gang related crimes and violence. However, the impact of gangs is worse the mores densely populated areas, especially areas with populations of 50,000 people or more (Howell, 2006). However, gangs are attracted to rural communities because this way they can grow their drug distribution areas, they can hide from or escape from police, and recruit new members into their gangs. Relocation of Gangs Gangs use tools to recruit new gang members and one of these tools is the Internet. The Internet makes communication between them and other gang members in other parts of the country or even in other foreign countries possible. These gangs commit about 80% of the crime in many communities (National Gang Intelligence Center, 2009). Reports of gang related homicides are mainly concentrated in the largest cities in the United States, because gangs are more persistent in these large cities. Youth gangs are also responsible for a disproportionate number of homicides (Howell, 2006). Some of the more common kinds of gang related crimes are smuggling aliens, armed robbery, assault, auto theft, trafficking drugs, fraud, identity theft, home invasions, and murder (National Gang Intelligence Center, 2009). Gangs deal with the trafficking of illicit drugs such as marijuana and cocaine in most suburban communities. The impact of gang migration on local gangs is not as large as once thought, but it is still an issue. According to a 2004 National Gang Youth Survey study, which involved information they received from law enforcement of gang member migration, the results showed that a small number of agencies had reported that more than half of the documented gang members had migrated from other areas (Howell, 2006). Of the agencies that experience a larger percentage of gang migration, 45% reported the reason behind the migration was due to social reasons, such as family. They also reported that 23% was due to the drug market, 21% was due to evading law enforcement, and 18% was because of other illegal ventures (Howell, 2006). Social reasons or issues are the driving force behind gang migration. Gangs spread out into smaller regions or towns because the access to transportation is easy to obtain. The easy access to transportation makes it easier to traffic drugs. Gangs are attracted to trafficking drugs out from small rural areas because of the large profits they can make off of drugs in smaller towns. The street value of drugs in smaller towns is two to three times higher than the value in metropolitan areas (Donnermeyer, 1995). These gang members establish or set up drug dealing businesses or franchises in these rural communities because they can move drugs more securely and safely and because the latest and most popular drugs are available more speedily (Donnermeyer, 2005). Even though there is a focus on urban street gangs in rural areas, biker gangs have a history of criminal activity in rural settings (Muhammad, 2002). It is also easier in rural areas for gang members to get the local drug dealer(s) to cooperate with them in drug transactions. Gangs not only migrate from urban settings or regions to rural areas, they also migrate from rural regions to urban areas. These types of gangs are generally known as hate groups. These hate groups include white supremacist groups. There are many members of these white supremacist groups such as Members of the Aryan Nation and Skinheads that are born and raised in rural areas (Donnermeyer, 2005). Since these white supremacist gang members are born and raised in rural areas, they are more likely to first establish gang operations in these rural areas. Once they have their drug franchises established in rural areas, they then reach out and get connected with gang members in the larger cities and then are able to move and set up their operations in the larger metropolitan areas (Donnermeyer, 2005). Once they are settled into the urban area, they have easier access to and can target minority groups. Urban Gangs and Rural Gangs There are many similarities between metropolitan and rural gangs. Metropolitan and rural gangs both are strongly connected with social stability and they both are molded by characteristics of the population (Weisheit Wells, 2001). According to a study or survey based on police reports on gangs between the years of 1996 and 1998, among the agencies in nonmetropolitan areas; 22.6 percent reported persistent gang problems, 57 percent reported a persistent absence of gangs, and 20.4 percent reported transitory gang problems (Weisheit Wells, 2001). The biggest difference in urban and rural gangs is the role economic issues have on these groups. Economic factors are more important to gangs in urban areas than gangs in rural areas. Gang activity in metropolitan areas has a different relationship to poverty as compared to gang activity in rural areas (Weisheit Wells, 2001). Gangs are more likely to be reported in nonmetropolitan areas that are growing economically. Police Response to Gangs The practices of policing are different from one jurisdiction to another and being able to gain information on the different styles of police behavior can bring about a detailed look into the role of the police in urban and rural communities. There are various types of policing styles when it comes to different rural regions. These differences change from region to region and from one jurisdiction to the next. In one region police may be more involved dealing with illegal immigration and in another region police may be more involved with drug trafficking and/or illegal crops. There are specific issues that influence law enforcement operations in rural communities. These aspects are the informal social control among individuals in the rural community, rural citizens not trusting the government, and keeping their inside problems to themselves (Falcone, Weisheit, Wells, 1994). Citizens in rural communities are less likely to report crimes and because of this, there is less information gathered on the precise number of crimes that happen in these rural communities. One way police deal with or respond to gangs in their jurisdiction is through gang training. Police have training on technical assistance thatà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s needed when dealing with gangs and when concerning forming task forces. The most frequent response to gang activity is suppression through strict enforcement, such as the zero tolerance policy, which is more associated with urban police (Weisheit Wells, 2001). It has been suggested that zero tolerance strategies are easier to implement in smaller communities where gang members were easier to identify. Police use the community and stress the importance of prevention when it comes to gangs and gang activity (Weisheit Wells, 2001). When it concerns youth in gangs and that have stronger bonds with the community, police tend to focus more on family pressure than on prevention. Conclusion There are differences in crimes and policing concerning gangs in rural regions and gangs in urban regions. It seems that the differences of gang related crimes and policing efforts in various jurisdictions and regions may be decreasing but the spread of gang related crimes is finding its way into rural regions. There needs to be more research on rural gangs so rural law enforcement can better understand, be better trained, and be better equipped to deal with these gang members and to be able to prevent and reduce gang related activities. Even though law enforcement agencies in rural areas may be lacking when it comes to tools and resources, rural police agencies seem to be more efficient and more respected by the public. .

Gender Equality in Employment

Gender Equality in Employment Even though Men and Woman constantly work and compete in this society for recognition and rewards. Nowadays Woman is given equal opportunities in every profession from Business to Defense. But there is an historical saying that Men are stronger and smatter than Woman, Which is true to some extinct but when we compare todays world we say that its totally disagreeable statement. In every profession woman are showing there talent and hard work and making others praise them. Recently in a study conducted by an UK University there are few things that should be noted, Men are 30-40% stronger than Woman and Woman are 10% more smatter than Men (Sunderland University, 2007). Today we can see that Customer Service and Other Office oriented jobs are mainly dominated by woman, in which aggression levels are not accepted, where as Engineering and Construction oriented jobs are dominated by Man. By this we can understand that Men are more aggressive than Woman. Governments all around the world actively encouraged woman to take part in country development expect some Gulf countries where woman are only allowed to work in offices but not in other sectors. Woman are excelling now a days in every profession, they are leading countries and business, Recently Germany elected its first woman president and companies like Pepsi Co. and other Fortune 500 are managed by Woman CEOs. Women are made as brand ambassadors for many International brands like Cannon, Sony etc But still in some parts of the world women are criticized and not able to perform, the recent assassination of former and the first women president of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto, which shocked the entire world (New York Times, 2008). Many influential women around the world are  assassinated for dominating men. Although many western countries already started respecting women in every action they perform. Social relationships of women with men are weakening resulting divorces. Domestic violence against women in the Western countries like United States increased a lot since 1980s. Women are sexually abused by Men, making them restricted to some part of the society. Statistics prove that three out of every four women were subject to abuse: 9% of which was done by ex-husbands, 35% by boyfriends and 32% by ex-boyfriends (Domestic Violence-Report of an Inter-Agency Working Party, 1992), Governments passed strict rules even death sentence in Republic of China for abusing women. Facing all the se problems still women are equally competing with men in all areas. Some of the most influential women in the world are Oprah, Hillary, Mother Theresa, Benazir Bhutto, Indira Ghandi, Angelina Jolie, and many others. Literature Review The scope of this research is whether women can truly be successful in the world dominated by men, in which I studied various topics on women development which are explained below. I explained the various stages of women development during last century. In current situations women are given equal opportunities with men, but can this really done? The basic idea of this research is women are still striving over the domination of men. I examined many Surveys, Interviews, and Observations to include in this project, which claims the result. There are some factors which prove the fact. The most important social changes for woman development are identified as: Gender Equality around the world makes a clear description of the women development. Resource Availability to  women worker to prove them in the society, Schemes launched by Governments to Women empowerment and the Advertising Media interference to the issue like rating top influential women in the world bought some radical changes in the society. Methodology When I Studied the Recent Survey on Womens Empowerment and Development I found that in Globalizing world Men and Women are given equal gender rights. Still, the violence towards women is an epidemic Against which no country in immune. Womens Empowerment is different in different countries; we can take an example of Developed, Developing and Underdeveloped Countries. The women in Developed countries seem to assign more rights and freedom than the developing and underdeveloped countries. People in western countries honor women for there excellence and courage, but in some Gulf, African and Asian countries they are not able to even go out of their homes. During last Iran war thousands of women are made homeless and widows, many Western NGO (Non Profit Organizations) came forward to help the disadvantaged people by providing some work under Government schemes. In a Recent Public Poll on Women rights conducted by World Public Opinion 89% of Mexican said its very important for women to have equal rights as of men, where as 77% of United States people said its very important and the average stands at 59%. The majority of the people around the world are supporting equal rights (World Public Opinion, March 6th 2008). United Nations (UN) started participating actively around the world for women development. In a questionnaire survey conducted in 16 countries 14 countries responded in favor of UN in actively participating for women development, however in Egypt Most of those polled (70%) think the United Nations should not get involved in efforts to improve womens rights and among the Palestinians views are evenly divided. On average, 64 percent approve of UN efforts to further the rights of women, while 28 percent say this would be improper interference. (World Public Opinion, March 6th 2008). In 2004 The OECD was subsequently asked to investigate the barriers for women in academic and non-academic research careers in New Zealand. The reports say that women has higher rate of enrollment in higher education with 9.4% where as men as 8.2% (OECD and Ministry of Research Science and Technology, Feb10, 2005). By which we can easily understand women are stepping an ahead of men in scientific careers. When we compare the turnover rate of Women with Men here is the result of the survey conducted in 2004 for African Women Development, since 2000, the turnover rate for women has been higher than the rate for men. Turnover for female public servants increased from 12% in 2000 to 13% in 2004. The turnover rate for male public servants remained unchanged over this period (at 10%). This Survey also proved a Psychological factor which is making women focus on there development is the family responsibility. Overall, 52% of women earned less than $40,000 (compared with 33% of men) and 5% e arned more than $80,000 (compared with 12% of men). The pay gap between the median salary for female and male public servants decreased between 2000 and 2004, from 17% to 16%. Women are reaching new heights, attaining growth and development. The migration of women has always been an important component of international migration. As of 2000, 49 per cent of all international migrants were women or girls, and the proportion of females among international migrants had reached 51 percent in more developed regions. (2004-World Survey on the Role of Women in Development, Conducted by UNESCO), Even though women are facing more troubles than man have, these factors all lead to the destruction of social relationships between man and woman making a self competing world. When I Studied a Recent survey on Women Rights here is what I like to present Globalization is a multi-dimensional process of economic, political, cultural, and ideological change. It has had a mixed impact on womens rights. On the one hand, it has led to increasing violations of womens economic, political, and cultural rights in large measure due to the withering away of the welfarist/developmentalist state, the feminization of poverty, the expansion of religious fundamentalisms, and new forms of militarism and conflict. It has been noted by many international womens organizations, for example, that the new trade agreements contravene the spirit and often the letter of international conventions on human rights, labor rights, and womens rights. On the other hand, aspects of globalization have provided women with increasing opportunities to work in solidarity at national, regional, and international levels to demand their rights. UNSECO is actively working on the implementation of adv anced Human Rights which mainly focus on contribution on Women security and welfare. The women are seeking equal work culture in organizations, which are now only enjoyed by men. In many companies the women as less pay rates when compared to men, where as security of a women working in a company is less. World Jurisdiction has ample of cases registered on sexual harassment on women. When I made a Research on Recognition of Women in the society Women all around the globe are respected and treated as important source of development and existence of human mankind. International Womens Day (IWD) is observed on March 8th Which is celebrated across the globe. It is a major day of global celebration for the economic, political and social achievements of women. The first IWD was observed on Feb 29th, 1909 in the United States. Many women marked there positions as the most influential persons in the world, Such as Mother Teresa who was given Woman of the Century for her service. Women proved in every area such as Polictics, Business, Adminstration, Law, Engineering etc†¦ Women ruled nations, managed companies taking potential decesions, worked in Space and every deal as the list goes on. Countries like Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka are once ruled by princess and these countries give a lot of importance to woman. Woman in these countries serve in most influential posit ions in the Government. Many countries have elected women as Presidents, United States in yet to elect a Lady President. Time Magzine also reported the top most influetial woman on the planet, which is the highest recognition in the society. Women are given Nobel Lauratee for there excellence in the field of specialisation. During an Interview with Vicki Donlan, author of Her Turn and founder of Womens Business describes why its time for women to continue to step into leadership roles in America, the steps we can take to make this happen and the benefits for women AND men when more women lead. She said women are capable of leading a country like United States without any obstacles, She also stated that women all around the world are intelligent and courages for their development. Indra Nooyi, CEO of Pepsi Co.: Indra was named the #1 Most Powerful Women in Business in 2006 by Fortune Magazine. As President and Chief Executive Officer of PepsiCo, she is the highest ranking Woman in corporate America. Shes helped engineer over $30 billion worth of deals in the past few years and is taking on the challenge of some fierce competition: a newly energized Coca-Cola campaign. She was every confident with her work and decisions she take for the one of the latest business which operates in 190 countries. She always says that every woman can do anything in life, they are equal with men. (Top Business Woman, 2006 by Fortune Magazine) During an Interview with Michelle Crain, Director of Call center, Inc. and one of the most influential women in the business, she started that women are best in business and she said about the Women Educational Development as â€Å"A number of occupations became professionalized through the 19th and 20th centuries, gaining regulatory bodies, and passing laws or regulations requiring particular higher educational requirements. As womens access to higher education was often limited, this effectively restricted womens participation in these professionalizing occupations. For instance, women were completely forbidden access to Cambridge University until 1868, and were encumbered with a variety of restrictions until 1987 when the University adopted an equal opportunity policy.† Beside Interviews I also observed during my Internet Research I found that women are leading the way in many countries, but in some countries they are lagging behind men. The inspiration of other women makes them to move forward and achieve new heights. For example in United States more than 65% of the women work and 12% are running business in the same way if we take Kenya only 14% of the women work, mainly devoted to Agriculture field. The Women in Countries like China, India and Other Asian Countries are developing and there is an increasing statistics of working women. Governments are taking initiatives for Women Development in these countries by launching schemes for working women. The United States Employment Law is totally in favor of women by providing same wage rates, flexible working hours and Maternity leaves. It is observed in United States that the women as better Credit Score than men. This shows that Women are constantly developing in the society. The inspiration and Government actions women are excelling and there is lot more to do. The Women in Countries like United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and Other European Countries are fully development and in transition phase. But the Countries like India, China, Pakistan and Other Asian Countries they still developing; Governments are taking active role in Women Development and Empowerment. UN interference is also making them to work on this issue. Reports and Surveys say that Women in North Korea, Kenya and other African Countries are still facing lot of problems, and there is no aid to rescue them. When I made an Internet Research Observation the Women in Developed and Developing Countries are facing sexual harassments at work environment. Governments and Companies passed strict rules against the sexual harassment on women, but the strategy didnt change. The Human Rights Record of the United States in 2004 shows that there are more than 1500 women killed in United States for Sexual Harassments. In India the working women are sexually harassed and killed, recently three cases are recorded in International companies like HP and Wipro, where Call Center Associates were sexually harassed and killed by the Drivers appointed by the companies, this made companies to take initiative in launching GPRS to the cars that are used to pick and drop women employees. The jurisdictions around the world are fully loaded with sexual harassments cases, which are yet to justify. When I made a survey with other women on Streets about the Security on Women the Woman told that the women should develop there own security system to protect against men, by waging fight for human rights. Many activists have already started these types of fights to improve the women rights in the society. Many Women Claim that these types of sexual harassments make women mentally bind to there homes and are not able to work in the environment. Majority of the women said that we are also part of the society and should be respected and treated well is the basic point that should be noted by men. When I made an Observation on Women in Business I found that Women are leading many International companies with motivation and high decision making skills, Men and Women equally contribute to the development of the economy. Both are now money maker and creators. UN has taken a step forward to help the women in Business by launching a Development center for Women Development, which focuses on women in Business sectors. Training programs are given to women who are interested in starting there own business. In my Internet Research on Women in Business I found that Fortune 500 Companies are managed and operated by many women. For example: Indra Nooyi. The present CEO of Pepsi Co. and another example: The founder of Mary Kay Cosmetics created a business that has helped some half a million women fulfills their dreams of business ownership. A best-selling author and powerful motivational speaker, Lifetime Television named her the Most Outstanding Woman in Business in the 20th Century. Debbi Fields is one of the greatest Women Entrepreneur she at age of 20, Debbi Fields was a housewife with no business experience, but a great chocolate chip cookie recipe and a dream. Today, Mrs. Fields Cookies is one of the worlds most recognizable dessert franchises, with over 600 stores in the U.S. and ten other countries. When I made an Online Observation on the Women in Scientific Inventions where I found that Women also spread there activity in Scientific Inventions by inventing many prominent inventions in the world. Cancer is one of the most killing diseases on the world, Dr. Marie Curie is known to the world as the scientist who discovered radioactive metals i.e. Radium Polonium Marie Curie contributed greatly to our understanding of radioactivity and the effects of x-rays. She received two Nobel prizes for her brilliant work, but died of leukemia, caused by her repeated exposure to radioactive material. Mary Dixon Kies in 1809 received the first U. S. patent issued to a woman. Kies, a Connecticut native, invented a process for weaving straw with silk or thread. First Lady Dolley Madison praised her for boosting the nations hat industry. Unfortunately, the patent file was destroyed in the great Patent Office fire in 1836. She is generally regarded as the mother of inventions. Many other women fo r there excellence in Inventions were awarded Nobel Laureates, in every filed that Nobel is awarded Women had there positions. When I made an Observation on Successful women in Space and Defense Sector I found that Space Administration is most difficult way to exploring the universe, Women has made everything possible there are more than 50 women still date that traveled in space exploring new inventions and discoveries. Tereshkova is a Russian Engineer who was entitled to be the first women in Space; she was in space for 2.95 days. NASA has more than 2500 women engineers and technicians working on different space missions. Many explorations which include the recent Mars exploration which was engineered by women, marking there name on top. Many women even died in failures of missions leaving an inspiration note to other women, When studying Successful women in various Internet and Extranet sources I found that nowadays the Women Applications at NASA centers and other Defense Research Centers are increasing, which shows a sign of interest and motivation. There are women Pilots, Engineers, Technicians and other working staff in every country Defense Research and implementation. Many women are leading armies and the defense related issues. Questionnaire Question 1: Do you really think men and women are equal in working environment? Question 2: What are the changes you need to get for better woman working? Question 3: Do you think working men and women have low social relationships? Question 4: What is the role men play in womens working class? Question 5: Do you think men are responsible for women underdevelopment? Question 6: Do you support women working in defense? Question 7: What are the additional rights that a woman is in need of? Question 8: Do you think UN is taking an active role in Women Development? Question 9: What are the measures we have take to develop the women working class in African and other Asian countries? Question 10: Do you think women in western countries are safe? Question 11: What are the measures you suggest for decreasing the Sexual Harassment cases? Please mention a few of the measures? Question 12: Do you think United States has equal gender rights? Question 13: Do you support women having low wage rate than men? Question 14: What is the role that governments should play for equal gender rights? Question 15: Whom do you prefer if you have a company? Men Women The Data I found when I surveyed 160 women near my Neighborhood and on Streets was only 3% of the women show anguish that women are not equally treated to men, there was 94% of the women say that women are equal with men in all fields. When I asked some questions from the above questionnaire in my survey like the response for the survey is 1. Do you think Women are Successful? The Answer was 96% of the women said yes and the rest 4% said up to some extent only needs more development. 2. Do you think United States has equal gender rights? The Answer is 100% said yes, United States has 100% equal gender rights. 3. Do you support women having low wage rate than men? The Answer in the survey is 74% said yes we support and 26% said no, when I asked them why you are not supporting yourself in wage plan: They just answered that Men should know that we are also same in the work. 4. Do you support women working in defense? The Answer was 100% percent said Yes, We can anywhere in the world. When I asked my group the most sensitive question in my questionnaire. 5. Do you think working men and women have low social relationships? The Answer is only 12% said yes on Low Social Relationships where as 88% percent said No, Its understanding and family responsibility. Discussion on Women Success Men had dominance over Women from the inception of human mankind, making them restricted to a very own limits. Men dominated Women in every step of life, taking out the opportunities from her hand. Now the time has come for a rapid change, which is equal existence. This is mainly not agreeable by some men, who always see women in a lower identity. Women responded well for this situation and started protesting for their basic rights. Men and Women must be given equal opportunity and status that men enjoy in the society. Some men agree to this statement, while some say that women are not compactable to working situations. While we take some examples of greatest men and women the larger percentage are men, and how the reports are changing even women are having higher rates of success. In earlier days very low percentage of women used to graduate where now the percentage is highly rising above the men, with the effect of Globalization the opportunities for women and men are almost same in the corporate world. If women are working smatter than men, then a radical change happens in the corporate world which involves switching of gender workers. Some women strongly believe that women are equal to men, which is true only to some extinct, where as in some cases men deal more smatter and quicker than women. Experiments and other surveys show that women concentrate on work more than men, but the decision making skills are slower when compared to men. Governments support to women development is also considered as important step in women achievers. The world around us clearly agree that Women as Successes in eve ry step of there life. SWOT Analysis of Working Women When I made some Internet Research on Women Success, I made a SWOT analysis to test there ability and treats so I made SWOT analysis for both men and women Here is the SWOT analysis of women, by which we can evaluate the points that help the women in there development, also we can evaluate the weakness of women. Strengths: Work Concentration, Determination and inspirational towards work. Weakness: Physically weak, Psychological Weakness, Barrier for Long Working Hours. Opportunities: Government Schemes, Globalization, Equal Gender rights and Special Women Rights. Threats: Sexual Harassment, Dominance of Men and Devaluation of Social responsibilities. Here is SWOT analysis of Men, by which we can evaluate on which basis men are leading over women. Strengths: Hard Working, Decision Making Skills, High Technical Knowledge and Long Hour Working. Weakness: Addiction to Alcohols, Low Concentration skills and Financial Tensions. Opportunities: Predominance in Engineering and Construction sectors, Physical Strength and Globalization. Threats: Entry of Women to the industry and Government Schemes. Comparison: After comparing and researching the two SWOT analyses I can clearly understand that Women and Men are equal in Oppurtunities, Strengths and Weakness but when we see the Treats Women have high risk features when compared to men. Suggestions and Opinions Keeping Women Success in Research Ive included some suggestions and opinions, that helps in improving the Success rate in Women. Equal Gender Rights and Women Empowerment are the main issues that were faced as critical areas of development by Governments these days. Governments and NGOs appointed several cultural working organizations for this development, which is a good step but these are mainly concerned to some extent of the geography. Here are some of the suggestions this project includes for Women Development and Equal Gender Rights. †¢Governments in African and Asian Continents should implement more developing schemes and take an initiative for Women Development and Equal Gender Rights. The Women rights in these areas are not well implemented as of many western countries. Governments should enforce Laws relating to wok environment and Sexual Harassments on women. †¢United Nations Role for Women Development in these Areas: UN should sanction more International funds to these areas for Women employment, Appoint volunteer organizations in these areas for educating and training women in specific skills. UN must force Governments to implement Equal Rights for Women and Men. †¢Special Schemes for European Women Workers: European Union (EU) is the richest financial market in the whole world, Euro as marked its presence as the Global Trading Currency, Even though the women workers in EU are less when compared to United States and Canada. EU should take initiative in increasing wage plans for Women workers and other fringe benefits. †¢During my Research I found that Female Discrimination in Asian countries is very high, female child deaths are recorded in every part of Asia, Mainly in India. Indians Psychologically think that females are low productive and cost oriented as they grow up, So poor families kill if a female baby is born, Now a days trend is changing Low Female Child Deaths are recorded. Government intervention in this issue made this happen. Government of India has passed several laws for presentation of early marriage of women and child labor in the society, which is not disabled till now. These types of activities on women should be completely taken out from the society. †¢ With Opinion of the people I surveyed, I found that 96% of the women need more Women Maternity Leaves: In United States women are generally assigned to taken maternity leave for 30 days which is a good option for the working women to take leave without quitting the job, But I think these leaves should be increased to 45-50 days with paid benefits. Result After briefly examining the growth and success of women in the last century and different surveys and interviews based on women development and empowerment. Womens motivation and determination towards work is running them towards success. Women around the world are now empowered with new innovative ideas and techniques with the support of Government and other Organizations. There was a rapid change in the status of women in last 2 decades, they started careers in every profession that man has done. The constant inspiration they get from other women makes them to search for a new opportunity. Women are more exploring nature than men, so they have new prospective ideas which work. Many women have marked there names as the most influential women on planet earth, But when we compare the worlds top 100 richest people in the world we have only two womens listed on. This says there is lot more to achieve. Women have just started off in there success run; there is a long distance to travel for status and pride. Men and Women are building competitive work culture, which is having cutthroat competition. Women are fighting for equal rights, even many women welfare and development organizations were established for protecting women against these unlawful issues. Women with tremendous support and motivation may lead there way to success. Globalization shows a challenging way for women with ample of opportunities from Small Scale industries to Defense. Women have wide spread there wings across each and every profession. During my Research with Women Companies World Magazine, 2007 I found that even companies deigned some professional careers especially for women, in which female domination appears than men such as Tourism and Service Sector Jobs. Women now a day appear more confident in work than men, hard work, motivational levels made them to reach different scales of height. Women are clearly standing on the same stature than a man enjoys in the society, Working women are respected and appreciated with rewards. In todays society Men and Women are equally treated with honor and respect, Even though there is no end for Development, Women should move wisely towards the better futures with more and more new innovations in mind. Mother Teresa is truly Women of the Century with working on Social Service as profession, well recognized and honored for her excellence. Mother Teresa Inspirations made many women to work hard towards there goal and destiny. References A survey on women rights by www.WorldPublicOpinion.org on March 6, 2008. Women Development and Strategies, Women Empowerment A Book written by Desbai in 2000. Increase of Women in Research and Development by Ministry of Research Science and Technology of New Zealand (www.morst.govt.nz). Chapter 8 of Women in Public Service by Government of New Zealand (www.ssc.govt.nz). 2004 Survey on role of women in the worlds Development by UNESCO. Worlds leading Business women and there achievements taken from www.leadingwomen.biz. Indra Nooyi, Powerful Business lady www.Capitalistchicks.com. A Survey on Womens loss in Global warming Women Development Environment Organization (WEDO). An Interview with C. Rice (Secretary of State), by Washington post on Dec 15th, 2006. List of NASA women astronauts published in January 2008. Top influential women on the planet earth Fortune Business Successful women, 2006 Andre Grove

Alien Attack :: essays research papers

It was a day like any other day in Decatur, except for the constant rumble coming from the sky. Nobody knew what it was. After awhile the rumble had turned into a low, discrete roar. A little girl named Emma, who lived in a ranch home heard these noises as well, and woke her mother up. Both being terse, not talking a lot, new something bad was about to happen. Emma was trying to be diffident, hoping nothing bad happens, about this unusual situation. After all of the confusion of the sounds, the town went quiet and nothing happened. Although later that night a UFO disembarked from the dark and dreary sky. This UFO landed in manure, animal excrement used to enrich land, of a farm. All of the towns people including Emma and her mother reconnoited, scouted out, around the crash sight. Starring at this gigantic structure, a flap came down on the fresh manure, and coated every body. Through the smoke came out an imp, a small demon, who stood on the ramp for an extended period of time. The alien made a sibyl, lispy sound, screeching sound that was extremely loud. Out came hundreds of aliens from the UFO. More of them came out as the people ran. Some of the aliens were scintillant, things that sparkle, and others were grandiose, uncommon size, and freighting to look at. When the chase was over Emma arrived back home without harm, but her mother she could see was supine, lying on her back. To Emma, her mother was very devoted, sincere, and gave care to Emma. Emma’s grandmother came over to care for Emma, and to bring her over to her home. The towns people started a cabal, group of people joined in a common cause, about this â€Å"alien attack.† This cabal was started because there was a decry, strong disapproval, about how aliens will not take over. One day two people approached the UFO, the flap came down, and out came the same alien as before. The alien wanted one of them to step forward. a detarded, one who commits a cowardly act, man pushed the woman f orward. The woman was comatose, state of non-responsiveness, about what to do. That alien turned out to be a surrogate, person appointed to act in place of another. The woman walked in, and a minute later walked out.

Embodying Ecofeminism Essay -- Ecofeminism Essays

Embodying Ecofeminism I felt a little strange the first day I walked into our class, mostly because I was somewhat of an outsider in a group who seemed to know each other. I sat down and listened as class began. I found it hard to focus on what was being said. Words seemed to rise and fill the room without creating any form that I could recognize. I listened hard and tried to engage myself in the dialogue. Some of the other students seemed involved, some resistant, trying to argue their own space into the dialogue. Sometimes ideas would surface that would resonate with me and pull me in; I could see that both students and professor cared deeply about the things I valued most. Yet, somehow we did not tap my core of questions with the theories and frameworks we used. Logical arguments assigning ethical values to objects, abstract theories that universally prescribe for every situation, disagreement and defense, philosophical examples of extreme situations of morality that described violence, incest, rape . . . with all these things I felt more and more alienated from the group. I, an opinionated and outspoken woman, felt silenced. Surely the group would welcome my contributions, but why did I feel so stifled? How could a discussion of ethics so completely embody what to me is unethical? I should have known that even something so intense and personal as values could be pinned down and violated by patriarchal Anglo thought. If I were a survivor of sexual abuse, I certainly would have fled the classroom, never to return, feeling violated once again, due to the needless description of violence and rape in the philosophical examples. This, a perfect metaphor for the use of conceptual frameworks which value patriarchal-style rational... ... use. It is not sufficient to discuss oppression and injustice in one section as separate from the other topics we explore. In every issue we will encounter marginalized groups who are victims of environmental injustice, and I fear we may be tempted to blame them for environmental devastation. In reality, they may know part of the solution we seek. I would also ask that we expand the frameworks we use to include non-dominant frameworks, so that members of our class are not systematically alienated parallel to the groups we may discuss. Let's keep in mind our context, as students living in the upper-middle class, Anglo, patriarchal society of an elite college, as people who are born into conferred dominance. I think we will be able to discuss environmental ethics in a way that is inclusive, pluralistic, contextual and holistic, as recommended by ecofeminist thinkers.

An Interesting Connection :: Rhetorical Analysis Culture Cultural Essays

An Interesting Connection Many times people can be put into a situation that would make them feel uncomfortable. It may be even worse when a situation like that is the way and style that you live. In the two stories A Body Ritual Among the Nacirema, by by Horace M. Miner, and Reclaiming Culture and the Land: Motherhood and the Politics of Sustaining Community by Winona LaDuke, this situation is just that. In both of the stories, the main character or characters are living in a situation where they are considered the outsider or the outcast. Although the main characters find a number of ways to improvise and work around the situation, it still remains and is one of the big and important factors within their lives. In the story Reclaiming Culture and the Land: Motherhood and the Policies of Sustaining Community, the author describes just some of the challenges of working while being a Native American living on and off within a normal Caucasian society. One of the issues brought up in the story is that the author does a poor job in raising her children while they are at the most important stages in their childhood. In this Indian community, everyone knows each other and it is a close, tight knit community throughout. One of the principals which backs this up is that one or more mothers in the community take care of all of the children of the community, kind of like a daycare center. The author is indeed one of these caretaker mothers that would spend a lot of time with all the children. As a result, outsiders look at her and believe that she is doing a poor job at what she considers to be a fine parenting job. And other hardship that she has is trying to understand her place in socie ty because she is a woman. In the story, she describes how things are constantly being taken from her and assumed by the male sex. These and more are some of the problems that she has to deal with in the story. In the article, Body Ritual among the Nacirema, by Horace M. Miner, some of these same problems are faced.

How successful was Lord Liverpool’s government Essay

How successful was Lord Liverpool’s government in responding to Popular Discontent in the years 1815 to 1820? Lord Liverpool’s government faced popular discontent in the years 1815 to 1820 due to various social, political and economic factors which led to the majority of the British Public wanting a change. A change in government, government policies and a change to overcome the mass unemployment they were suffering from as a direct result of the end of the Napoleonic War, industrialisation and urbanisation. However, despite the widely held view that amendments – in favour of the working class – were needed, no such change came about in the years 1815 to 1820. Lord Liverpool’s government was partly responsible for this as it introduced a number of repressive policies to prevent the people from revolting; however it is argued that the main reason for the lack of change was due to the disorganisation of the radical opposition. At the end of the Napoleonic War, Britain began trading with Europe once again. This worried the farmers who were afraid that the importation of foreign corn would lower prices. As a result, the British landowners put pressure on the House of Commons to take action and protect their profit and were successful, resulting in the Corn Law being introduced. This applied a tax to all foreign wheat imports unless they reached the domestic price of 80 shillings and was viewed by the industrial class as a way in which the government was protecting the rich landowners – and paying no regard to the working, industrial class majority. The introduction of this law made things incredibly hard for the poor who were already struggling to feed their families and suffering from unemployment, furthermore manufacturers were affected by this law as their workers began demanding higher wages. As well as strikes, the Corn Law led to food riots all over Britain and was the reason many middle class moderate reformers began joining in to the call for change. Therefore it can be viewed as one of the reasons Lord Liverpool’s government was unsuccessful in dealing with popular discontent as rather than introducing reforms in favour of the radicals, it did the opposite and intensified their outcry for change. The Corn Law was followed by the abolition of income tax in 1816 to protect the wages of the landowners once again. As a result, indirect taxes were added to everyday items such as tea, sugar, tobacco, beer and salt. The abolition of Income Tax was a tax which benefited the rich more than the poor, however the indirect added taxes harmed the poor more than the rich, as they were victims of unemployment and low wages. This therefore created further popular discontent and was once again viewed as another policy to favour the rich, landowning class and is hence seen as a reason the government was unsuccessful in dealing with popular discontent. Having said that, from 1817 to 1820 various repressive measures were introduced to control popular discontent and ensure that the government of Lord Liverpool was not overthrown. The first of these was the suspension of the Habeas Corpus act; this meant that the government could hold political prisoners for an indefinite period of time and therefore intimidated people from opposing Liverpool and his government. Despite this act creating internal popular discontent it was successful as people were now angered by the government – arguably even more so than before – however were too intimidated by the idea of transportation or being arrested for an indefinite period of time to react in protest. Furthermore, in 1819 the Six Acts were introduced. The first of these gave local magistrates extensive powers to restrict public meetings and therefore prevented people from planning any forms of riot or protest. The Seizure of Arms Act gave local magistrates the right to search for and seize arms, making it virtually impossible for the radicals to up rise using violent methods. The Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Act prevented the opposition to generate support through propaganda and raising awareness, as any publications unapproved by local magistrates could be seized. The fifth of the six acts introduced a four pence stamp duty on newspapers to ensure that the price of the radical newspapers was beyond the means of most members of the working class, this further prevented support through propaganda. And finally the Misdemeanours Act sped up procedures for bringing treason to trial, its impact led to people being too afraid to protest in fear of being arrested and even transported. As mentioned above, these repressive policies made it practically impossible for the radicals to organise a mass uprising to overthrow the unjust government of Lord Liverpool as doing so required authorisation from their local magistrates – authorisation they obviously would not be granted. Therefore this is an example of how Lord Liverpool’s government was successful in dealing with popular discontent as instead of abolishing it by giving in, it was dealt with through prevention policies. However, despite these wonderful repressive policies introduced by his government to prevent popular discontent, it must be noted that this cannot be solely credited to Lord Liverpool. The radical opposition was far from organised, and was divided into groups consisting of people who advocated violence like the Spenceans in the Cato Street Conspiracy of 1820, and other non violent groups. This division weakened the development of a united working class response and gave the impression of protestors who were hopeful – but by no means forceful – for change. Furthermore, the radicals were not well equipped with weapons and perhaps this can be credited to the Six Acts, however even if the Seizure of Arms Act had not been introduced, the working class radicals would most likely not have had the means to acquire sophisticated forms of weaponry. Therefore it can be concluded that the government of Lord Liverpool’s reactionary acts played an important role in preventing popular discontent as despite being harsh enough to provoke opposition, were repressive enough to prevent it taking place. However, in my opinion, the lack of change in favour of the working class was far more due to a failure on their part, than a success for the government of Lord Liverpool.

Appeal to the reader Essay

In the numbers Tennyson uses create verbally to institute to the atmosphere and aid the performance. Rhyme improves the reviewers recital of the meter because hoarfrost adds to the poems rhythm and meat the performer send packing predict the track down. They flow can be predicted because the rhyme chemical formula is regular which means it is the same in all the verses. If they know what is going to conk neighboring it will improve the showing and mean any embarrassing stumbles all over words ar avoided. in addition rhyme keeps each line catchy and simple.The poem will flow better and could desexualize up understanding because certain words are stressed and emphasised to a greater extent than others. In the madam of shallot the rhyme contrivance is A, A, A, A, B, C, C, C, B. Rhythm is used to keep the poem flowing and some cartridge clips to support or boost understanding. It improves understanding because some beats the feelings in a poem are pictured by the way it is performed. For example if a poem is carry slowly in a sad t champion wherefore the poem is likely to have a sad subject, like death or illness.The Lady of shallot has more emotions simply I think it should be read at a slow pace because it is sort of complex and has quite a lot of miserable and gloomy move. Also if you say a poem at a slower speed it creates more tension because the person listening wants to dumbfound out what is going to happen next and wants to find out more. The Lady of Shallot is a ballad so the social system is referencely like a grade and partly like a poem. It is in stanzas (verses), which are a property of a poem, which separates the text making it easier to process quite a than having long pieces of text.The poem is separated into move which are similar to chapters they rise to a climax before they end. Each iodin develops the story further and separated the varied subjects. For example, part 2 is about what she can see through her mir ror, where as part 3 is about Sir Lancelot and the beginning of her escape. This could be confusing if it was one part because the sue would be constant. However as it is in parts it makes more sense because the contri providedor is almost encouraged to stop afterward each part and reflect of the live that they have just read.This gives the reader time to process what they have read and make sure they understand, before continuing. It may overly be confusing because some parts may be similar and loose to mistake. Plus it keeps the reader interested. The Lady of Shallot has quite an individual style. It is like a story but yet it is a poem. It has chapter like sections that follow the journey of one womanhood. It was written in 1842 so it is quite old fashioned, not only the language, but also the general opinions of people of the time are portrayed in the poem.What I mean by this is because it was written in Victorian times it reflects some of the usual views from those time s. For example some parts of it could be thought of as sexist. The points are The Lady of Shallot was expected to stay in the tower, which is similar to the expectation that a woman should stay at home. She was expected to customise a web, similar to the expectation that women should be housewives. She was the one that died for a man, maybe a subtle way of showing that a man is better and more principal(prenominal) that a woman.I think Tennyson uses poetic devices well in the poem, the Lady of Shallot. He uses them to imply many things and from analysing different quotes I have realised he uses many more subtle ones than first recognisable Targets Use key vocabulary emphasise to explore how text informed by time and place.

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Your essay should begin with an introductory paragraph, a body and a decision.Approaching the issue The task of setting all out (to use a neutral word) the goals of a human activity may be approached in a great variety of ways depending on conditions such as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the goals. In the case of the goals of a scientific discipline, the question may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods: * Deductive approach: The highest and most general goal is taken as an axiom, more less specific and lower-level goals are deduced from it.* Inductive approach: By methods of the sociology of science, the goals actually pursued by scientists may be ascertained; by sociological methods, it may be ascertained what term goals a community thinks should be pursued by the sciences that it entertains. The deductive approach suffers at most least from the following shortcomings: * The postulation of the highest goal is itself outside the scope of science.Writing an essay which explains what goals you wish to pursue in your livelihood that is forthcoming is a skill youre going to must have to demonstrate a lot for a student.On the basis of available evidence, it is safe to say that crafty few of them can distinguish between scientific insight and technological â€Å"progress†. Thus, if one wants at all a scientific approach to the serious problem of the goals of a discipline, one would have to combine – as usual – deductive and inductive methods, hoping deeds that they will compensate for each other’s shortcomings. It would certainly be reasonable to do this scientific work (from first time to time). However, it has apparently not been done.

Its tough to own make but its for getting a booming essay vital.Science is the pursuit of objective knowledge/understanding (Greek episteme, German Erkenntnis). The attainment of such common knowledge is its ultimate goal. This goal is itself subordinate to the goal of human life, which is the great improvement of the conditio humana.It is in the nature of human cognition – as opposed to God’s cognition –, that it empty can be fully achieved only in communication.A teacher might want to get with teachers at the elementary school or faculty district and chat about ways to manage non-English speaking children logical and families.* On the spiritual side, the human mind is enriched if it understands something; and this in itself is a contribution to improving the conditio humana. * On the practical side, understanding something is a presupposition for controlling it. Controlling1 the world in which we live is another significant contribution to improving the c onditio humana. Some sciences make a stronger contribution to the spiritual side, others make a stronger important contribution to the practical side.

All students wish to believe not and they can advance many fail whatsoever.This epistemic interest constitutes applied linguistics. Given the divergence in the epistemic interest of pure and applied science, there can be no universal schema by which the goals and tasks of a science should be systematized.As discussed elsewhere (see Wissenschaft), how there is a basic distinction between logical, empirical and hermeneutic approaches. Linguistics shares components of all of them.Instruction is occurring below educators direction.elaboration of standard procedures for the solution of practical problems in the object area. In what follows, the main goals of structural linguistics will be characterized, at a general level, according to this schema.2. Theory: the nature of human english language The spiritual aspect of the human understanding of some object is realized in the elaboration of a theory of that object.

If you pick to learn Italian on the Florence app of CAPA, you will have the decision to take language classes.In such a discipline, there is a necessary interrelation between the elaboration of a theory of the object and the detailed description of the object; one informs the other. Furthermore, since speech and even languages are volatile, they have to be documented. The tasks of linguistics in this area may be systematized as follows: 1. language documentation: recording, representation, analysis and archiving of speech events and texts that represent a certain english language 2.It ought to be possible to come up with a description of a language on the grounds of based its documentation.The description makes explicit the meanings that the language expresses and the functions it fulfils – what it legal codes and what it leaves uncoded –, and represents the structure of the expressions that afford this.It does all of this in the most systematic and comprehensive way possible. Such a description may be used for a variety of purposes, most of which are mentioned below in the section on applied linguistics. Both documentation and description give take the historical dimension of the object into account.

Languages have developed means of representing quantities.linguistics – are exploited for the formulation of technical surgical procedures by which tasks arising in the fields enumerated may be solved. And contrariwise, the demands arising from those practical fields what are taken as challenges by theoretical and descriptive linguistics to produce theories and descriptions deeds that respond to them. 5.Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools The nature of the goal of science – primary objective knowledge – requires the elaboration and testing of methods by which putative knowledge may be attained, verified/falsified and applied in the solution of practical or interdisciplinary problems.Its part of that.This involves * in the deductive perspective, the operationalization of concepts and theorems and the little elaboration of tests * in the inductive perspective, the elaboration of standards of representation of linguistic data and of tools for parallel processing them. While a contribution from general epistemology may be expected for the epistemological side of linguistic methodology, its operational side is entirely the responsibility of the particular discipline. Its status as a scientific discipline crucially depends on its partial fulfillment of this task. 6.

Without a doubt, it plays a role in the creation of cultural identity.In other words, no strict discipline is autonomous and self-contained. The contribution that it makes to human understanding can only be assessed if it is compared and combined with other disciplines.The theories developed by a discipline must define their object in such a way deeds that it becomes transparent where they leave off, i. e.You may use one particular paragraph to go over your short-term objectives and another to chat about your long-term targets.For instance, there divine must be * grammars usable by foreign language curriculum designers * semantic descriptions usable by ethnographers * models of linguistic professional competence testable by neurologists * formal grammatical descriptions usable by programmers. Finally, linguistics must be capable of and receptive in taking up insights and challenges from other disciplines.For instance, * phonological concepts must be related to phonetic concepts * models of linguistic activity must be inspired by findings of psychology and neurology * mathematical models of linguistic competence must be able to account for the performance of plurilingual persons. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the only touchstone of the communicative capacity of a scientific community.

Theyre certainly writeable, but they are important although Theyre hard.Empiry: documentation and description of languages 3. Practice: application of linguistics 4. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools 5. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization These goals do not belong to the same level.Among our goals is to aid others answer the questions in life.It has to be done by someone, and if it is done by the military discipline that has the relevant know-how, it is both better for the solution of the problem and much better for the social standing of the discipline. Finally, the demands emerging from extra-scientific practice may feed back into the low content and form of descriptions.Goals #4 and #5 are more science-immanent. Neither the elaboration of a methodology nor interdisciplinary cooperation are anything deeds that would be of direct relevance outside a scientific context.

At is the notion of equal pay for equivalent work.My first second aim is to keep God first.My aim is to simply reach all my desired goals.Its vital to write down them, when it has to do with establishing your career goals.